The process of metastasis, like much in cancer, is not straightforward and there are multiple different pathways for metastasis. These cancer-associated proteins have been detected within EVs derived from breast cancer cell lines, yet the systemic role of these is not yet well understood. The transfer of the multidrug-resistant (MDR) protein, P-glycoprotein, via EVs, and the subsequent acquisition of an MDR phenotype in the recipient cells has been shown in breast cancer and leukemia models.
However, the specific molecules involved in these mechanisms are not well understood. EVs have been demonstrated to be biologically active, and those originating from tumour cells have been shown to have a systemic effect, assisting tumorigenesis and progression. The analysis of the proteins in EVs can be used to understand the proteins expressed in cancer, and how the cargo they disseminate within the body contributes to metastasis. These EVs are readily available for analysis in cell secretions from cell culture media in vitro or in bodily fluids in vivo and tumour-derived EVs have been detected clinically within serum and saliva from breast cancer patients. It is this capacity to carry contents from their cell of origin that allows EVs to be active in the initiation and progression of cancer in a dynamic signalling process. EVs are membrane-bound vesicles shed from cells, that contain cargo specific to their cell of origin, including nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites and cytokines. Thus, a thorough understanding of cell-to-cell communications through the action of EVs is essential to identify and inhibit these mechanisms of oncogenic–cargo transfer and therefore enable the development of more effective cancer treatments.ĮVs have been associated with the spread and progression of breast cancer. The ability of cancerous cells to exchange material between cells enables the dissemination of mechanisms for the tumours’ survival and proliferation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to have a role in cellular cross-talk and to affect the cellular microenvironment in both normal and disease states.
Several of these molecules have also been implicated in the communication and metastasising of cancer cells. Cellular communication can occur via proteins, cytokines, hormones, nucleic acids, cell–cell junction complexes, ion channels and neurotransmitters. Матеріал без джерел може бути підданий сумніву та вилучений.Cell-to-cell communication is essential for normal function of multi-cellular organisms, as cells are required to communicate with other cells both adjacent and farther afield. "Can You Hear What I'm Saying (European Re-Mix)" – 4:58."If You Belong to Me (European Re-Mix)" – 3:58."The Turning Point (European Re-Mix)" – 4:03."I Will Remember (European Re-Mix)" – 4:22."Hold the Line" (single version) – 3:31.